Types of Vitiligo 

Non-segmental vitiligo: This is the most common form of vitiligo, characterised by similar white patches on both sides of the body. It has the following subtypes. 

• Generalised: Patches are  present on any part of the body
• Acrofacial: In this type, patches are present on the face, hands, and feet. 
• Mucosal: The patches are present on the mouth and genital parts
• Universal: In this type, the paths are present in the overall body 
• Other types include Mixed and Focal: In this type, one or more isolated patches are present.

These are the subtypes of non-segmental vitiligo. 

Segmental vitiligo: It affects only one side of the body and usually does not cross the midline of the body. The subtypes of segmental vitiligo are as follows: 

• Focal: In this type, one or isolated patches are present. 
• Thrichrome: The patches are present in three different shades, such as usual, depigmented, hypopigmented, or less pigmented. 
• Quadrichrome: In this type, there is the presence of dark brown dots during repigmentation
• Confetti: This type presents confetti-like spots on the body. 

Causes and Risk Factors of Vitiligo

• Autoimmune destruction of monocytes due to abnormal immune response. 
• Vitiligo often runs in families, so a person with a family history of the condition may be at a higher risk of developing it. 
• Autoimmune diseases like thyroid disorder, type 1 diabetes, and lupus can cause vitiligo. 
• Triggers such as sunburn, emotional stress, and chemical exposure can exacerbate the symptoms of vitiligo. 

Symptoms of Vitiligo 

• Milky white patches of skin are progressive. 
• The hair in the affected area may turn white, also known as leukotrichia
• Loss of pigmentation on the mucus membranes 
• Itching before depigmentation
• Psychological impacts like low self-esteem, anxiety and social distress. 

Diagnosis of Vitiligo 

• It is based on clinical examination and patient history 
• Wood’s lamp test to observe the depigmented areas under the UV light. 
• Skin biopsy is done
• Blood tests to rule out autoimmune conditions like thyroid disorder, lupus, etc., Ophthalmologic evaluation if eye symptoms are present

Treatment of Vitiligo  

• Ointment 
• Oral medications
• Intravenous medications

Diet and Lifestyle for Vitiligo Management and Protection are essential; hence, wear proper clothing. 

• Use gentle and mild soaps.
• Psychological support and counselling help to improve self-esteem and social anxieties, which may develop due to vitiligo. 
• Adopt a healthy lifestyle. Eat a balanced diet and engage in regular exercise.